International Immunology 2009 21(8):NP; doi:10.1093/intimm/dxp075
© The Japanese Society for Immunology. 2009. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
IN THIS ISSUE
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Human DC CD70 supports Th differentiation
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Kadowaki and colleagues (p. 891) report a detailed examination
of the expression of CD70 on human myeloid and plasmacytoid
dendritic cell (DC) subsets. Both subsets express CD70 after
various stimuli; furthermore, the authors reveal that DC CD70
expression enhances production of a broad range of cytokines
(T
h1 and T
h2) after interaction with naive CD4
+ T cells.
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CAP11 inhibits endotoxic shock
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Cationic antibacterial polypeptide of 11 kDa (CAP11) is a cathelicidin
that can neutralize the activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
and protect from endotoxic shock.
Nagaoka and colleagues (p. 905) show that CAP11 suppresses the release of inflammatory
mediators. CAP11 appears to interfere with binding of LPS to
CD14 on macrophages, which might be the mechanism of its action.
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Anti-moesin autoantibody signals via monocyte ERK1/2
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Sera from many patients with aplastic anaemia have autoantibodies
to moesin. These antibodies stimulate tumour necrosis factor
(TNF) release from monocytes. In this paper,
Nakao and colleagues (p. 913) find that antibodies bind surface moesin and act via
the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signalling
pathway. The authors discuss how this non-receptor cytoskeletal
protein can transduce signals.
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Cell surface TLR4 expression depends on MD-2
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Nishitani et al. (p. 925) investigate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)
glycosylation and the importance of MD-2 in TLR4 expression.
Complex
N-glycans are preferentially expressed on the cell surface;
however,
N-glycan processing may not be essential. Using a novel
TLR4 mutant, the authors show that MD-2 is essential for surface
TLR4 expression, and discuss this in light of previous studies.
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Antibodies with ATPase activity in autoimmunity
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Antibodies with various catalytic activities occur in several
autoimmune diseases.
Nevinsky and colleagues (p. 935) analyse
the sera of MRL-lpr/lpr mice with lupus-like pathology. Polyclonal
IgG and from these mice (but not controls) has ATPase activity
against a range of substrates. This is the first description
of such nucleotide-hydrolysing antibodies associated with autoimmune
disease.
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Reduced SHM in Apex2-deficient mice
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Honjo and colleagues (p. 947) examine apurinic/apyridimic endonuclease
2 (Apex2)-deficient mice and find a drastic reduction in somatic
hypermutation (SHM) but no reduction in class-switch recombination
(CSR). CSR is also not reduced in Apex1-knockdown mice.; thus,
in contrast to previous reports, neither endonuclease appears
to have a major role in CSR. Apex2 does, however, appear critical
for SHM.
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Mice with no light chains still make IgA
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Previously, mice deficient in immunoglobulin light chains were
found to produce IgG (with immunoglobulin heavy chains only).
Here,
Brüggemann and colleagues (p. 957) show that a novel
heavy-chain-only IgA is produced at fairly normal levels and
is in serum, milk and saliva. The authors discuss the lessons
for the evolution of immunoglobulins and for human
-heavy-chain
disease.
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A role for paraoxonase 1 in asthma?
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Analysing gene-expression time-courses in a mouse asthma model,
Szalai and colleagues (p. 967) find marked downregulation of
the gene for paraoxonase 1 (which protects from oxidative stress).
In asthmatic humans, serum paraoxonase 1 levels were reduced
when disease was exacerbated, but increased as symptoms improved.
The authors thus identify paraoxonase 1 as a novel marker in
asthma.
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Effects of  -PGA on Th differentiation
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Poly-
-glutamic acid (
-PGA) is a widely studied bacterial polymer
with several potential commercial and medical applications.
Youn and colleagues (p. 977) find that it affects dendritic
cells and macrophages and thereby helps promote development
of naïve CD4
+ T cells to T
h1 rather than T
h2 cells. It
also enhances T
h17 cell development, but this effect does not
require antigen-presenting cells.
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BMMCs express functional CCR1
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Fifadara et al. (p. 991) report the novel finding that BMMCs
(bone-marrow-derived mast cells) express CCR1 (C–C motif
chemokine receptor 1). The CCR1
+ cells express neurokinin receptor
1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Ligand binding, together
with crosslinking IgE receptors, enhances degranulation and
cytokine release. The authors discuss how mast cells influence
the trafficking of immune cells in inflammation.
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Human DC CD70 supports...
CAP11 inhibits endotoxic shock