International Immunology 2008 20(5):NP; doi:10.1093/intimm/dxn045
© The Japanese Society for Immunology. 2008. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
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Consequences of long-term FTY720 administration
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FTY720 inhibits transplant rejection and autoimmunity but requires
continuous administration.
Metzler et al. (p. 633) examined
consequences of long-term FTY720 exposure in mice. There is
enhanced homeostatic proliferation and increased proportions
of memory effector CD4 T cells and central memory CD8 T cells.
The authors describe the consequences for alloreactivity and
T cell memory.
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NK cell induction of B cell class-switch
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NK cells are known to initiate B cell antibody responses independently
of T cell help. In this article,
Yuan and colleagues (p. 645) show that class-switch recombination and B cell differentiation
can occur in the presence of antigen and NK cells and that cell–cell
contact is important. The authors also examine the requirements
for cytokines in this process.
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Mechanisms of the adjuvant effects of alum
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To investigate the mechanisms involved in the powerful adjuvant
effects of alum,
Marrack and colleagues (p. 659) compared alum-induced
Th1 and Th2 responses with those triggered by schistosome eggs.
Alum has at least two effects: one involves Gr1
+IL-4
+ cells
that help to polarise the response; and one is independent of
GR1
+ cells and IL-4 and promotes CD4
+ T cell proliferation.
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KLF4 suppresses B cell proliferation
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The transcription factors involved in B cell quiescence are
not well characterised. Here,
Fruman and colleagues (p. 671) show that Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a novel target
of Forkhead Box O transcription factors and is downregulated
upon B cell activation; overexpression of KLF4 promotes cell
cycle arrest and apoptosis. The importance of KLFs in suppressing
B cell growth is discussed.
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Detecting immunologlobulin-gene selection
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As a tool to examine the
in vivo antigen-driven B cell V-gene
repertoire,
Hershberg et al. (p. 683) present improved statistical
methodology that helps to eliminate cross-talk between positive
and negative selection and increases the predictive power for
detecting immunoglobulin-gene selection by antigen. The model
also allows for some intrinsic biases of somatic hypermutation.
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Bimodal regulation of T cells by TIM-4
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The TIM (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain) family regulates
T cell expansion and effector functions.
Kikutani and colleagues (p. 695) show that TIM-4 inhibits naïve T cell activation
but enhances effector functions and that the diverse outcomes
of TIM-4 engagement depend on T cell activation status and the
receptor used. The authors discuss the potential therapeutic
implications.
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TLR expression is modulated by other TLR ligands
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Rumio and colleagues (p. 709) measured expression of various
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) after different types of intestinal
epithelial cell were exposed to a range of TLR ligands. An intricate
pattern of TLR modulation followed: ligands affect expression
of TLRs that recognise them but also TLRs that recognise other
ligands. This cross-talk may influence responses to pathogens
in the gut.
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NK cell induction of...