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International Immunology Advance Access originally published online on February 26, 2009
International Immunology 2009 21(4):317-337; doi:10.1093/intimm/dxp017
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© The Japanese Society for Immunology. 2009. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

review-article

The roles of TLRs, RLRs and NLRs in pathogen recognition

Taro Kawai1,2 and Shizuo Akira1,2

1 Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center
2 Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

Correspondence to: S. Akira; E-mail: sakira{at}biken.osaka-u.ac.jp

The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors serve as PRRs that recognize different but overlapping microbial components. They are expressed in different cellular compartments such as the cell surface, endosome, lysosome or cytoplasm and activate specific signaling pathways that lead to expression of genes that tailor immune responses to particular microbes. This review summarizes recent insights into pathogen sensing by these PRRs and their signaling pathways.

Keywords: innate immunity, NOD-like receptor, RIG-I-like receptor, signal transduction, Toll-like receptor

Received 27 January 2009, accepted 30 January 2009.


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