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International Immunology Advance Access originally published online on January 27, 2009
International Immunology 2009 21(3):217-225; doi:10.1093/intimm/dxn139
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© The Japanese Society for Immunology. 2009. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

A novel adjuvant, the general opioid antagonist naloxone, elicits a robust cellular immune response for a DNA vaccine

Abbas Jamali1, Mehdi Mahdavi2, Zuhair Muhammad Hassan2, Farzaneh Sabahi3, Mohammad Jazayeri Farsani3, Taravat Bamdad3, Hoorieh Soleimanjahi3, Morteza Motazakker1 and Shahram Shahabi1

1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
2 Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Virology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran

Correspondence to: S. Shahabi; E-mail: s_shahabi{at}umsu.ac.ir

While many adjuvants have been discovered and used in research, only a few adjuvants have been permitted for use with human vaccination. We have previously shown that the administration of naloxone (NLX), a general opioid antagonist, during infection with a non-virulent strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) could enhance protection against HSV-1 challenge. Here, the adjuvant activity of NLX has been evaluated using a DNA vaccine for HSV-1 as a model. BALB/c mice were divided into four groups; for experimental groups, mice received the glycoprotein D1 (gD1) DNA vaccine alone or in combination with the adjuvant NLX. A positive control group received the KOS strain of HSV-1, and a negative control group received PBS. All mice were immunized three times on days 0, 21 and 42. Three weeks after the last immunization, immune responses against HSV-1 were assessed. Our results indicate that the administration of NLX as an adjuvant increased the ability of the gD1 DNA vaccine to enhance cytolytic T lymphocyte activity, lymphocyte proliferation, delayed-type hypersensitivity and shifting the immune response toward a T helper (Th)1 pattern and improved protective immunity against HSV-1. NLX also increased the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio, though it did not affect the production of HSV-1 antiserum. In conclusion, administration of NLX as an adjuvant in combination with the gD1 DNA vaccine can enhance cell-mediated immunity and shift the immune responses to Th1.

Keywords: adjuvant, cellular immunity, endogenous opioids, herpes simplex virus, Th1

Transmitting editor: Andras Falus

Received 16 June 2008, accepted 8 December 2008.


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