© 2005 The Japanese Society for Immunology
REVIEW ARTICLE |
Toll-like receptors in innate immunity
1 Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, 2 Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University and 3 ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
Corresponding author: S. Akira; E-mail: sakira{at}biken.osaka-u.ac.jp
Functional characterization of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has established that innate immunity is a skillful system that detects invasion of microbial pathogens. Recognition of microbial components by TLRs initiates signal transduction pathways, which triggers expression of genes. These gene products control innate immune responses and further instruct development of antigen-specific acquired immunity. TLR signaling pathways are finely regulated by TIR domain-containing adaptors, such as MyD88, TIRAP/Mal, TRIF and TRAM. Differential utilization of these TIR domain-containing adaptors provides specificity of individual TLR-mediated signaling pathways. Several mechanisms have been elucidated that negatively control TLR signaling pathways, and thereby prevent overactivation of innate immunity leading to fatal immune disorders. The involvement of TLR-mediated pathways in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has been proposed. Thus, TLR-mediated activation of innate immunity controls not only host defense against pathogens but also immune disorders.
Keywords: adaptor, innate immunity, signal transduction, TIR domain, Toll-like receptor
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N. Semaan, G. Alsaleh, J.-E. Gottenberg, D. Wachsmann, and J. Sibilia Etk/BMX, a Btk Family Tyrosine Kinase, and Mal Contribute to the Cross-Talk between MyD88 and FAK Pathways J. Immunol., March 1, 2008; 180(5): 3485 - 3491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Hapfelmeier, A. J. Muller, B. Stecher, P. Kaiser, M. Barthel, K. Endt, M. Eberhard, R. Robbiani, C. A. Jacobi, M. Heikenwalder, et al. Microbe sampling by mucosal dendritic cells is a discrete, MyD88-independent stepin {Delta}invG S. Typhimurium colitis J. Exp. Med., February 18, 2008; 205(2): 437 - 450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Thakran, H. Li, C. L. Lavine, M. A. Miller, J. E. Bina, X. R. Bina, and F. Re Identification of Francisella tularensis Lipoproteins That Stimulate the Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 2/TLR1 Heterodimer J. Biol. Chem., February 15, 2008; 283(7): 3751 - 3760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Andoh, H. Kishi, K. Motoki, K. Nakanishi, Y. Kuraishi, and A. Muraguchi Protective Effect of IL-18 on Kainate- and IL-1{beta}-Induced Cerebellar Ataxia in Mice J. Immunol., February 15, 2008; 180(4): 2322 - 2328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Mendez-Samperio, A. Trejo, and A. Perez Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Induces CCL5 Secretion via the Toll-Like Receptor 2-NF-{kappa}B and -Jun N-Terminal Kinase Signaling Pathways Clin. Vaccine Immunol., February 1, 2008; 15(2): 277 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. Petersen, K. D. Bloch, F. Ichinose, H.-S. Shin, M. Shigematsu, A. Bagchi, W. M. Zapol, and J. Hellman Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 impairs hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in mice Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, February 1, 2008; 294(2): L300 - L308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Torres, C. Paget, J. Fontaine, T. Mallevaey, T. Matsuoka, T. Maruyama, S. Narumiya, M. Capron, P. Gosset, C. Faveeuw, et al. Prostaglandin D2 Inhibits the Production of IFN-{gamma} by Invariant NK T Cells: Consequences in the Control of B16 Melanoma J. Immunol., January 15, 2008; 180(2): 783 - 792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. N. Leonard, R. Ghirlando, J. Askins, J. K. Bell, D. H. Margulies, D. R. Davies, and D. M. Segal The TLR3 signaling complex forms by cooperative receptor dimerization PNAS, January 8, 2008; 105(1): 258 - 263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-Y. Kim, E. Omori, K. Matsumoto, G. Nunez, and J. Ninomiya-Tsuji TAK1 Is a Central Mediator of NOD2 Signaling in Epidermal Cells J. Biol. Chem., January 4, 2008; 283(1): 137 - 144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Iyori, H. Kataoka, H. M. Shamsul, K. Kiura, M. Yasuda, T. Nakata, A. Hasebe, and K.-i. Shibata Resveratrol Modulates Phagocytosis of Bacteria through an NF-{kappa}B-Dependent Gene Program Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., January 1, 2008; 52(1): 121 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Fitzner, S. Clauberg, F. Essmann, J. Liebmann, and V. Kolb-Bachofen Human Skin Endothelial Cells Can Express All 10 TLR Genes and Respond to Respective Ligands Clin. Vaccine Immunol., January 1, 2008; 15(1): 138 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W.-J. Won, M. F. Bachmann, and J. F. Kearney CD36 Is Differentially Expressed on B Cell Subsets during Development and in Responses to Antigen J. Immunol., January 1, 2008; 180(1): 230 - 237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Cho, K. Ishida, J. Chen, J. Ohkawa, W. Chen, S. Namiki, A. Kotaki, N. Arai, K.-i. Arai, and Y. Kamogawa-Schifter SAGE library screening reveals ILT7 as a specific plasmacytoid dendritic cell marker that regulates type I IFN production Int. Immunol., January 1, 2008; 20(1): 155 - 164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Y. Cannon, D. Guttridge, J. Dahlman, J. R. George, V. Lai, C. Shores, P. Buzkova, and M. E. Couch The Effect of Altered Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling on Cancer Cachexia Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, December 1, 2007; 133(12): 1263 - 1269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sivori, M. Falco, S. Carlomagno, E. Romeo, L. Moretta, and A. Moretta Heterogeneity of TLR3 mRNA transcripts and responsiveness to poly (I:C) in human NK cells derived from different donors Int. Immunol., December 1, 2007; 19(12): 1341 - 1348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Klesney-Tait and M. Colonna Uncovering the TREM-1-TLR connection Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, December 1, 2007; 293(6): L1374 - L1376. [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Macedo, G. Pinhal-Enfield, V. Alshits, G. Elson, B. N. Cronstein, and S. J. Leibovich Wound Healing Is Impaired in MyD88-Deficient Mice: A Role for MyD88 in the Regulation of Wound Healing by Adenosine A2A Receptors Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2007; 171(6): 1774 - 1788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. T. A. Nguyen, S. Favelyukis, A.-K. Nguyen, D. Reichart, P. A. Scott, A. Jenn, R. Liu-Bryan, C. K. Glass, J. G. Neels, and J. M. Olefsky A Subpopulation of Macrophages Infiltrates Hypertrophic Adipose Tissue and Is Activated by Free Fatty Acids via Toll-like Receptors 2 and 4 and JNK-dependent Pathways J. Biol. Chem., November 30, 2007; 282(48): 35279 - 35292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Funderburg, M. M. Lederman, Z. Feng, M. G. Drage, J. Jadlowsky, C. V. Harding, A. Weinberg, and S. F. Sieg Human -defensin-3 activates professional antigen-presenting cells via Toll-like receptors 1 and 2 PNAS, November 20, 2007; 104(47): 18631 - 18635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P. McAleer, D. J. Zammit, L. Lefrancois, R. J. Rossi, and A. T. Vella The Lipopolysaccharide Adjuvant Effect on T Cells Relies on Nonoverlapping Contributions from the MyD88 Pathway and CD11c+ Cells J. Immunol., November 15, 2007; 179(10): 6524 - 6535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Hokeness-Antonelli, M. J. Crane, A. M. Dragoi, W.-M. Chu, and T. P. Salazar-Mather IFN-{alpha}beta-Mediated Inflammatory Responses and Antiviral Defense in Liver Is TLR9-Independent but MyD88-Dependent during Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection J. Immunol., November 1, 2007; 179(9): 6176 - 6183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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