International Immunology, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 549-557,
April 2004
© 2004 Japanese Society for Immunology
Staggered AID-dependent DNA double strand breaks are the predominant DNA lesions targeted to Sµ in Ig class switch recombination
Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
The first two authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence to: D. G. Schatz; E-mail: david.schatz{at}yale.edu
Transmitting editor: M. J. Bevan
Class switch recombination (CSR) is the process whereby B cells alter the effector properties of their Ig molecules. Whilst much is known about the cellular regulation of this process, many of the molecular details remain elusive. Recent evidence suggests that CSR involves blunt DNA double strand breaks (dsbs), and that formation of these dsbs requires the function of the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). We sought to characterize the structural properties and kinetics of induction of the DNA lesions associated with CSR. Using ligation-mediated PCR, we found that AID-dependent DNA dsbs were specifically induced in the Sµ region of murine B cells stimulated to undergo CSR. While blunt dsbs were detected, they were only a minor species, with staggered breaks being more than an order of magnitude more abundant. In addition, these breaks could be detected at equal frequency at upstream and downstream portions of Sµ, and were induced prior to expression of newly switched isotypes. Collectively, these results provide direct evidence that staggered, Sµ-targeted AID-dependent dsbs are the predominant DNA lesion associated with CSR, with important implications for the mechanisms by which CSR DNA lesions are made and processed.
Keywords: activation-induced cytidine deaminase, B lymphocyte, class switch recombination, DNA double strand break
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