International Immunology, Vol. 14, No. 7, pp. 783-791,
July 2002
© 2002 Japanese Society for Immunology
FEATURED ARTICLE OF THE MONTH |
A variety of microbial components induce tolerance to lipopolysaccharide by differentially affecting MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways
1 Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, and 2 Solution-oriented Research for Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan 3 Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Hongomagome, bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan 4 Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology Laboratory, Japan Energy Corporation, 3-17-35 Nüzo-Minami, Toda, Saitama 335-8502, Japan
Correspondence to: S. Akira; E-mail: sakira{at}biken.osaka-u.ac.jp
Transmitting editor: K. Inaba
Exposure of macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a hypo-responsive state to a second challenge with LPS that is termed LPS tolerance. LPS tolerance is also induced by pre-exposure to lipopeptides and lipoteichoic acid, which trigger Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-mediated signaling. LPS signaling involves at least two pathways: a MyD88-dependent cascade that is essential for production of inflammatory cytokines and a MyD88-independent cascade that mediates the expression of IFN-inducible genes. We analyzed the induction of LPS tolerance by several microbial components in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Pre-exposure to LPS led to impaired activation of both the pathways. In contrast, mycoplasmal lipopeptides did not affect the MyD88-independent pathway, but impaired the MyD88-dependent signaling by inhibiting LPS-mediated activation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 1. The induction of LPS tolerance by recently identified TLR ligands was analyzed. Pretreatment with double-stranded RNA, which triggers the activation of TLR3, led to defective activation of the MyD88-independent, but not the MyD88-dependent, pathway. Imidazoquinoline compounds, which are recognized by TLR7, had no effect on the MyD88-independent pathway, but inhibited LPS-induced activation of MyD88-dependent signaling through down-regulation of IRAK1 expression. Thus, each microbial component induced LPS tolerance in macrophages.
Keywords: innate immunity, macrophage, signal transduction, Toll-like receptor
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